How to calculate and improve your employee turnover rate

Sometimes, you don’t notice problems with employee turnover until it’s too late. You’re snowed under with emails about urgent vacancies, sifting through applications from motivated candidates, all while wondering: How did we get here? 

However, employee turnover rate doesn’t need to be a guessing game. 

With the right data, you can calculate this rate so that you aren’t caught off-guard by sudden spikes in turnover. This information can also tell you which employee retention trends can help right the ship and keep your top talent onboard. 

By calculating, analyzing, and acting on the information you glean from your staff turnover rate, you can not only prevent disruptions to your business but also boost productivity and employee wellbeing.

In this blog, we discuss the employee turnover rate formula, plus 37 employee retention strategies and how they can reduce your employee turnover rate.

What is employee turnover rate?

Employee turnover refers to employees leaving their roles with an organization. This might be for another role with the same employer (internal turnover) or for a role at another company (external turnover). 

The employee turnover rate refers to the proportion of workers leaving their roles in any given period.

Learn more about this and other important employee turnover statistics in our guide on employee turnover statistics.

Employee turnover rate vs. employee retention rate

If the turnover rate refers to the percentage of employees who are leaving their roles, the employee retention rate refers to the percentage of employees who stay in their roles throughout a given period.

The employee retention rate is almost always the inverse of the employee turnover rate. For example, a business with 20% turnover would have an 80% retention rate.

The only times when this might change is when you experience attrition – speaking of which…

Employee turnover rate vs. employee attrition rate

Turnover and attrition refer to a similar phenomenon. The word “turnover” is usually used to refer to employees leaving roles that the employer intends to refill after they leave, whereas attrition refers to the loss of employees whom you do not intend to replace. 

Attrition doesn’t happen in only one way. It occurs whenever employees quit, are fired, or are made redundant.

Your employee attrition rate, therefore, is the percentage of employees who leave your company that you don’t intend to replace.

Why calculate your employee turnover rate?

We all know that turnover is inevitable in businesses. What benefits come from calculating the rate at which it’s happening? 

1. It can be an indicator of the health of your company culture. Calculating your employee turnover rate helps you diagnose underlying organizational issues, whether they’re due to culture, benefits, development opportunities, or other causes.

2. It may explain the challenges you face in your business. For example, a key team might be underperforming because of a revolving door of employees.

3. Employee turnover rate data can help you justify HR initiatives to leaders. If you can prove your wellbeing initiatives reduce turnover, for instance, they may be more likely to renew your budget.

How do you calculate staff turnover rate?

To calculate turnover rate, we need to make some important distinctions between types of workers. 

These distinctions help to avoid counting the same worker twice – for instance, if they resign in one quarter but finish serving their notice in the next quarter.

Option 1: Excluding new hires 

One popular employee turnover rate formula is as follows: 

Employee turnover rate in a given period of time = number of workers who leave during period / number of workers at the beginning of the period × 100

This method of employee turnover rate calculation is recommended by international standards organizations.

Let’s say you want to calculate the turnover rate for the first quarter of the year.

In this example, there are 60 total departing employees, out of 150 at the start of the period. 

The employee turnover rate formula is (60 ÷ 150) × 100. This makes for a 40% staff turnover rate.

Option 2: Including new hires 

There is another employee turnover rate formula: 

Annual employee turnover rate = number of workers who leave that year / average number of employees for each of the months × 100

In the above example:

• Total departing employees = 60

• Average number of employees per month = 166

• Employee turnover = 36%

This calculation for employee turnover rate is good for capturing broader trends, for instance, if you’re comparing your turnover rate over many years. However, you may lose some nuance. 

How to calculate employee turnover rate: Examples

Here are two more examples of how to calculate employee turnover rate using each employee turnover rate formula.

Example 1

Your organization has 300 employees. In the past six months, 30 employees have handed in their notice, and 20 have been made redundant. You’ve also hired 25 new people.

Using option 1 for calculating employee turnover rate, divide the number of departing employees by the original number of employees. 

That’s (50 ÷ 300) × 100, which makes for an employee turnover rate of 16%. Remember that when using the first option for calculating the turnover rate, the number of new hires is irrelevant.

Example 2

Let’s say your company has 250 employees, and you want to examine the employee turnover rate for the past six months using the employee turnover rate formula in option 2. 

Here are the figures you’re working with:

In this example, we’ve decided to use option 2, where the number of new hires counts towards your employee turnover rate.

Take the total number of departing employees (75) and divide it by the average monthly total of employees, including new hires (258), then multiply by 100. The result is a 29% turnover rate.

Different types of employee turnover, different turnover rate formulas

So far, we’ve covered how to calculate the turnover rate for your overall workforce. 

But this number doesn’t tell us much on its own. The more context you put around the data, the more it helps you pinpoint if you’ve got a healthy turnover rate or if there may be internal problems.

Which types of turnover you look at depends on your priorities, and there are many to choose from. To start with, however, you should know four main types of turnover and how to calculate them.

Voluntary turnover rate

Voluntary turnover occurs when an employee leaves the organization on their own terms. Examples include people who leave to get new jobs in other industries, move locations, or increase their salaries. 

To calculate the voluntary turnover rate, replace “number of overall departing employees” in the above formulas with “number of voluntary departing employees.”

If 60 people left a business of 250 people, but only 20 of them left voluntarily:  (20 ÷ 250) × 100 = 8% voluntary turnover rate.

Involuntary turnover rate

The same goes for the involuntary turnover rate. Involuntary turnover happens when a business terminates an employee. Examples include layoffs, dismissals due to poor performance, or violation of regulations leading to termination. 

In the above example, if the 40 remaining people who left were dismissed, the involuntary turnover rate would be: 

(40 ÷ 250) × 100 = 16% involuntary turnover rate.

As you can see, the involuntary turnover rate (16%) and voluntary turnover rate (8%) add up to the total overall turnover rate (24%).

First-year turnover rate

The first-year turnover rate refers to turnover among employees who have been with your company for less than a year.

The formula for first-year turnover rate is: 

Number of new hires who left within one year ÷ number of overall separations × 100

External turnover rate

External turnover is when the company and employee separate, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. It is different from internal turnover, which is when employees move into new jobs within the same company.

Internal turnover can be a positive thing for your business and boost retention, so we focus on reducing harmful external turnover in this blog.

What is a healthy turnover rate?

Employee turnover isn’t always undesirable. Dismissing employees who perform poorly, don’t match the company culture, or display toxic behavior is known as desirable turnover. 

This type of turnover can be great for HR teams because it creates an opportunity to hire new employees who:

• Are a better fit for the role

• Can increase revenue

• Can give the company a competitive advantage

A healthy turnover rate is one that leaves room for desirable turnover without creating a deficit of necessary skills.

Regularly assessing your employee turnover rate and comparing it to your key business metrics is one way of working out what is healthy for your organization.

Another is to check regional metrics or the employee turnover rate by industry. These are widely available online. For example, the Mercer turnover surveys for the US and Canada provide employee turnover statistics, as does the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

These surveys show the average employee turnover rate in the US in 2023 was 17.3%, with resignations being more common than terminations.^[1]

How to analyze your employee turnover rate

Knowing how to figure out the employee turnover rate for your business is only half the battle; you now need to mine actionable insights from this data. 

Here’s how.

Who is leaving your organization?

Calculate turnover rates for different types of employees, for example, separating them by: 

• Department

• Function

• Seniority level 

• Location 

This helps you see if turnover is high in particular areas. The Mercer survey shows that different functions have different average employee turnover rates:[1]

• Creative, Design, and Media: 3.1%

• Executives: 5.1%

• Customer Service and Contact Center Operations: 8.9%

• Sales, Marketing, and Product Management: 10.0%

When are they leaving?

Next, look at when these employees are leaving, for instance: 

1. When in the year they’re leaving. Are there seasonal resignations? 

2. How their timing relates to recent business changes like new management or restructuring 

3. After how many years of employment they’re leaving

Calculating the first-year turnover rate is handy here. If this figure is high, you can dig down further to find out when this happens. 

For instance, are employees leaving during their probation period, suggesting a problem with your hiring process leading to costly mis-hires? 

Why are they leaving?

With this information under your belt, investigate why employees are leaving. The most popular reasons for quitting, according to McKinsey research, are:

1. Lack of career development and advancement

2. Inadequate total compensation 

3. Uncaring and uninspiring leaders

4. Lack of meaningful work 

5. Unsustainable work expectations[2]

What is the trend in your employee turnover rate?

Finally, map your employee turnover rate calculations onto a graph to see whether there is an overall trend emerging.

For example, if there was a spike around a period of restructuring, has that now settled back to normal? 

You can even use HR tools like Leapsome to project past trends forward into the future.

How to reduce your employee turnover rate: 37 tactics to implement in your organization 

We’ve examined the reasons for voluntary turnover above; below, we discuss tips for reducing voluntary turnover that address many of these causes.

From what to do once you’ve identified an issue with your staff turnover rate, to rebuilding your team, to measuring outcomes, here are 37 tactics to reduce a high employee turnover rate.

Want to get an in-depth look into the factors driving critical HR metrics?

Our complete blueprint will provide the tips, strategies, and insights you need to maximize ROI from your workforce.

Read the blueprint

37 tips for how to reduce your staff turnover rate: Summary table 

Wherever you are in the process of managing your employee turnover rate, here’s a summary to help you find relevant tips.

1. Conduct exit surveys with departing employees 

So you’ve analyzed your employee turnover rate and determined the team with the highest disruption.

Conduct an exit survey or interview asking departing employees about what prompted their resignation and how you can improve future employees’ experiences.

Remember to solicit feedback from all departing employees, not just the ones you’re sad to see go!

2. Initiate one-on-one meetings with employees in high-turnover teams

Next, turn your attention to remaining employees. Schedule one-on-one meetings to discuss the recent turbulence in their team. 

In this meeting, you should discuss: 

• Why they think the turnover rate has spiked 

• Their intentions for their role 

• How you can support them to stay on board 

3. Set up long-term systems for employee feedback

A turnover problem doesn’t go away after just a few meetings: You need to implement a long-term system for collecting employee feedback and acting on it. 

Especially in teams where you suspect toxic dynamics might be at play, consider offering an anonymous reporting feature to ensure that employees have safe avenues to share honest feedback.

4. Use this feedback to identify employee flight risks 

With the insights gleaned from these initial inquiries, you should now be able to identify employee flight risks.

These may be employees who share characteristics with recent departing employees, such as their manager or compensation package.

You could consider buying more time with a retention bonus. However, this is a short-term strategy – to properly address a high turnover rate, strive for long-term change.

5. Enshrine inclusivity in your organizational values 

The McKinsey study above shows that more than a quarter of people leave their jobs because of an unsupportive work environment.

Creating an inclusive culture should, therefore, be a top priority when fixing your turnover rate because it plays a key role in boosting employee satisfaction.

Start by enshrining inclusivity as one of your core company values to demonstrate your intentions to employees.

6. Train leaders to communicate these values 

Next, use leadership communication to convey your company values to employees.

Encourage leaders to role model desirable behaviors. One study found that leaders who role model self-compassion bring positive outcomes to their teams.[3]

This isn’t limited to executives, either. It was particularly powerful for managers lower down the company structure.

7. Make improving employee experience a priority among leaders

Of course, leadership communication is only half of the battle. Improving the employee experience to retain your top performers also requires strategic action. 

One way that organizations show their commitment to their values is by adding a chief experience officer to their leadership teams, to lead the charge on retention initiatives.

8. Broadcast these changes to employees and online

These changes cannot impact your employee turnover rate unless employees know about them.

Shout about policy and personnel changes like hiring a chief experience officer in written communications with employees and in your outward recruitment marketing.

This improves your overall corporate reputation, making employees proud to work for you and more likely to stay long-term.

9. Switch to skills-based hiring to hire the right people 

When rebuilding your team or patching gaps in a high-turnover workforce, hiring the right people is essential.

Without necessary skills on the team, existing employees are likely to burn out and quit themselves; a poor fit is also likely to leave after a short time.

Use skills-based hiring to ensure that all new hires have the key skills needed for their roles. The State of Skills-Based Hiring found that 91% of organizations see annual turnover rates fall after implementing skills-based hiring.

10. Use skills-based hiring to maximize diversity

Skills-based hiring brings objectivity to hiring, promoting diversity in the workplace.

Indeed, the number of women hired into senior roles increases by almost 70% when skills-based hiring is used.

This impacts your staff turnover rate: Research from Catalyst shows that higher levels of gender diversity are linked to lower employee turnover.[4]

11. Provide diversity training to all managers 

Skills testing during hiring can’t shift bias in the workplace by itself. Tackle it by providing diversity training to all managers.

This helps managers avoid alienating marginalized employees, along with enabling them to: 

• Spot microaggressions in the workplace 

• Address diversity issues and advocate for diverse employees 

• Support marginalized employees to feel empowered at work 

12. Overhaul your employee compensation plan 

The number one factor influencing employees to quit is the need to make more money.[5]

If you don’t already have a strategic employee compensation policy in place, create one. It should be as transparent as possible, promoting pay transparency and applying clear logic, such as skills-based compensation.

13. Complement this with a strong employee benefits program 

If you don’t have a bottomless budget for salary packages, don’t worry: No employment incentive package is complete without employee benefits. 

Three-quarters of employees say their benefits package is an important factor in whether they stay with their employer, with retirement and healthcare plans gaining increasing importance. These benefits are worth their weight in the long run because they reduce needless turnover costs.

14. Start by implementing flexible working 

One of the first benefits to consider is flexible working. Flexible and remote roles have lower employee turnover rates, with fully remote roles set to have the lowest turnover rate in 2023 compared to hybrid and in-person roles.[6]

In fact, 72% of office workers say they would choose long-term flexibility over a higher salary.[7]

15. Design a range of incentives to manage engagement and performance

Benefits usually apply to large groups of staff and are not related to performance, but you should also set up employee recognition programs to reward good work.

Simple initiatives like employee of the month schemes can foster strong engagement, which is key to decreasing turnover. Low-engagement teams have high employee turnover rates, up to 43% higher than highly engaged teams.[8]

Recognizing employees’ work is proven to make them less likely to look for a new job in the next three months.[9]

16. Ensure all age groups can benefit from these programs 

Employee incentives lose their power when employees cannot use them. Ensure that no employees are left behind by your initiatives, including generationally diverse teams. 

Perks like after-work beers or cycle-to-work schemes may benefit younger employees over older ones. Instead of eliminating these initiatives, balance them with benefits specifically for older workers.

One example is including menopause support on your healthcare plan, as Barclays Bank does.[10]

17. Create a strategy to address employee work life balance

Employees are 1.6 times more likely to stay with employers that offer wellness programs and benefits than those that don’t.[11]

Nurture employee work life balance and combat burnout without ballooning your budget by: 

• Setting company-wide meeting free days 

• Providing strong guidelines about out-of-hours emails

• Offering “summer hours” for employees to get outside in good weather 

18. Include provisions for employees’ mental health 

When designing your employees’ health and wellbeing initiatives, it’s easy to focus on social perks and physical health benefits, but don’t neglect mental health in the workplace.

Offer mental health crisis support by training mental health first-aiders and give employees an allowance for mental health days.

19. Ask employees what wellbeing initiatives they need

A shocking number of employers waste money on benefits their workers don’t want or need. One study suggests there is an 83% gap between the employee wellbeing benefits employees have and the ones they want.[12]

This leads to wasted time and energy when employees neglect to use their benefits programs.

To ensure a return on your investment, regularly poll employees about which initiatives they want and use.

20. Draw up a clear remote work policy 

Although more than 39% of flexible workers see a noticeable improvement in their mental health, remote work, in particular, can pose challenges such as:

• Invasion of privacy

• Role ambiguity

• Lack of social support from colleagues

These all have a negative impact on mental health when unchecked.[13]

Create a clear remote work policy with guidelines for employees about looking after themselves while working remotely, for example: 

• Recommending screen breaks 

• Providing a comfortable home office setup 

• Subsidizing healthy lifestyle choices like a gym membership 

21. Implement a phased retirement plan 

Like we said above, you need to make sure you provide for older workers as well as for younger employees. 

Do this by offering phased retirement plans. These help employees ease the transition out of the world of work and reduce employee turnover by minimizing disruption to affected teams.

22. Start building skills during the onboarding process

As we’ve seen, personal development trumps even compensation issues for employees. 

Start investing in employees’ skills during the onboarding process. Use insights from their skills assessments to tailor their training – for example, have managers offer extra instruction in their weaker skill areas.

A positive onboarding experience can halve employees’ chances of looking for new opportunities in the near future.[14]

23. Give employees a budget to pursue training programs 

Give employees control of their learning by providing them with their own budget to pursue employee training programs.

At TestGorilla, we award employees a budget equal to 3% of their annual salary to spend on skills training. 

And it works. More than 90% of companies that introduce upskilling programs increase productivity and reduce employee turnover rates.

24. Use employee coaching to develop leadership potential 

Formal skills training isn’t the only way for employees to learn. Employee coaching is also a low-cost option.

Unlike mentoring, which is relationship-focused and encourages mentors to draw insights or examples from their own careers to apply to their mentees, coaching is more structured and focuses on skill development, usually in pursuit of a specific goal.

Use it to nurture high-performing employees who score well on leadership skills, hitting employees’ desires for skill building and career development at the same time.

25. Consult talent assessment data to identify candidates for upskilling 

Skills test data helps identify candidates for upskilling by showing you which employees have potential in areas not currently required by their role – for example, leadership and project management.

It pays to be proactive about this. Nearly 60% of the workforce already need new skills to do their jobs effectively; employers risk stressful skills gaps unless they act fast.

26. Use talent assessment data to spot candidates with adjacent skills

Skills test data also helps you spot employees with the adjacent skills necessary to move laterally into other roles.

This, in turn, enables you to offer reskilling opportunities, keeping valuable skills and institutional knowledge in-house. 

Like with upskilling, we encourage proactivity here. Business leaders predict around 40% of their workforce requires imminent reskilling.

27. Inform employees about avenues for career growth 

Employees don’t want to build skills for the sake of it. You need to back up skill-building with paths for career growth. 

Inform all employees early in their employment of the paths for progression in their role and what’s required to advance. When they have a clear path forward, employees don’t need to look to competitors for advancement opportunities.

28. Discuss career growth during onboarding 

Make it clear from the start of your working relationship that you understand employees’ careers may take them out of your company eventually, and that you still want to invest in their skills. 

This creates a bond of trust that disincentivizes turnover, boosting job satisfaction and increasing the likelihood that departing employees will be generous when handing over to their replacements. 

29. Create a professional development plan for each employee 

Create professional development plans for each employee, combining the knowledge from their pre-employment skills tests and your early conversations about their career growth.

This shows employees you are investing time and effort in their personal growth. It also helps you plan their training to meet your business’s skill requirements.

30. Set up an internal mobility task force 

Translate the above gestures into substantive action by setting up an internal mobility task force to spot candidates for internal promotion.

This is a committee of representatives from each department or team who get together to share knowledge about the skills you have in-house and identify potential internal hires for open roles.

31. Use an internal talent marketplace to facilitate internal hiring 

Another way to maximize internal mobility opportunities is by inputting all employee skills test data into an internal talent marketplace. 

This is a software or simple database containing a list of all the skills resources available in your business, which you can “shop” for candidates when a position becomes available.

32. Try a job rotation program for entry level roles 

Broaden employees’ understanding of the roles within your organization by providing job rotation programs.

These are programs in which employees alternate between a series of different functions within the organization to test out different roles. They are usually at the same early-career level.

33. Continuously assess employee engagement

Measuring your employee turnover rate is not a “one-and-done” deal. You should continually reassess employee engagement metrics alongside your employee turnover rate.

That means looking at hard data like performance stats but also qualitatively evaluating the five factors of employee engagement: 

1. Mindful hiring

2. A well-defined company culture

3. Involved employees

4. Inspirational leadership

5. Clear communication 

34. Use employee listening tools to collect spontaneous feedback 

Continuously assess employees’ responses to your initiatives using employee listening tools.

These might sound Orwellian, but they’re nothing more than simple survey tools and online feedback portals. 

“Always-on” feedback tools collect spontaneous insights from employees, and although 64% of employers think they do the job well, just 20% of companies employ them.

35. Conduct stay interviews with employees 

We started this list with exit interviews for when you’re managing a turnover crisis. Once your employee turnover rate has stabilized, turn your attention to stay interviews with employees.

You could couple these with yearly performance reviews, asking employees what’s keeping them in their role and if they need any additional support.

36. Use upward feedback to communicate employees’ needs to management 

Feedback shouldn’t stop at line managers or HR personnel. To be truly effective, it should go all the way to the top. That’s where upward feedback comes in.

One way to implement upward feedback is through reverse mentoring schemes, where senior leaders are paired with junior employees to hear their thoughts on their management style.

37. Apply HR analytics to make projections for the future 

Finally, make the most of the rich sources of data you’ve created with skills testing and employee feedback tools by compiling them within HR analytics software.

There are many types of human resources analytics designed specifically for managing turnover. These enable you to monitor turnover data and extract insights, even making projections for the future.

Start reducing your employee turnover rate by hiring for skills

We’ve covered a lot of ground here, running through: 

1. The two types of employee turnover rate formula

2. What average employee turnover rates look like across industries

3. What is a good employee turnover rate for your business

4. How to fix a high staff turnover rate

The common thread throughout these tips is that supporting employees’ overall wellbeing and career growth is essential to keeping them around. 

To find out more about how skills-based hiring can help you with this, read our blog about why skills-based hiring and employee development go hand-in-hand.

For a deep dive into how diversity positively affects your workforce, read our guide to the benefits of diversity in the workplace.

Finally, to ensure that new employees are in it for the long haul, use our Culture Add test to hire employees who add to your organizational culture.

Sources

1. “Results of the 2023 US and Canada Turnover Surveys”. (September 21, 2023). Mercer. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.imercer.com/articleinsights/workforce-turnover-trends  

2. De Smet, Aaron, et al. (July 18, 2022). “The Great Attrition is making hiring harder. Are you searching the right talent pools?”. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/people-and-organizational-performance/our-insights/the-great-attrition-is-making-hiring-harder-are-you-searching-the-right-talent-pools

3. Lanaj, Klodiana, et al. (2022). “When leader self-care begets other care: Leader role self-compassion and helping at work”. Journal of Applied Psychology. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fapl0000957

4. “Why Diversity and Inclusion Matter (Quick Take)”. (June 24, 2020). Catalyst Research. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.catalyst.org/research/why-diversity-and-inclusion-matter/ 

5. Mackenzie, Keith. “Is salary important to workers? Bet your bottom dollar it is”. Workable. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://resources.workable.com/stories-and-insights/is-salary-important-to-workers-bet-your-bottom-dollar-it-is

6. Day, Amanda. (2022). “How to reduce employee turnover with a strong talent retention strategy”. Remote. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://remote.com/blog/employee-turnover 

7. “Why Employees Prefer Hybrid Working To A 10% Pay Rise – And What It Means For Business”. (September 13, 2021). International Workplace Group. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://old.iwgplc.com/MediaCentre/Article/why-employees-prefer-hybrid-working-to-pay-rise

8. “The Benefits of Employee Engagement”. (January 7, 2023). Gallup. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236927/employee-engagement-drives-growth.aspx

9. Des Georges, Colette. "Can employee recognition help you keep them longer?". SurveyMonkey. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.surveymonkey.com/curiosity/employee-recognition-and-retention/

10. “Diversity & Inclusion Report 2021”. (2021). Barclays. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://home.barclays/content/dam/home-barclays/documents/investor-relations/reports-and-events/annual-reports/2021/Barclays-PLC-Diversity-and-Inclusion-Report-2021.pdf

11. “The Rise of the Whole Employee: 20 Years of Change in Employer-Employee Dynamics”. (2022). MetLife. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.rbgcal.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/MetLife-Employee-Benefit-Trends-Study-2022.pdf

12. Yetman, Jill. (November 16, 2021). “Study: Canadian workplace health benefits critical for employee retention”. Telus. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.telus.com/en/about/news-and-events/media-releases/canadian-workplace-health-benefits-critical-for-employee-retention

13. Oakman, Jodi, et al. (November 30, 2020). “A rapid review of mental and physical health effects of working at home: how do we optimise health?”. BMC Public Health. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09875-z

14. Bolden-Barrett, Valerie. (May 3, 2018). “New hires are twice as likely to leave employers that mishandle the onboarding process”. HR Dive. Retrieved November 21, 2023. https://www.hrdive.com/news/new-hires-are-twice-as-likely-to-leave-employers-that-mishandle-the-onboard/522384/